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The theoretical and philosophical principles of TA positions

Everyone is okay, (okay it is): People are equal to each other and each has value as a person, regardless of his race and his socio-cultural context.
Every person has the ability to think and self-determination: that everyone can decide what to do with his life and has the ability to grow and learn, has had any experience, even negative.
The decisions can be changed. Each person makes decisions and is responsible for, and is also responsible for changing them when no longer functional.

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life

Berne According to the child, early in the process of formation of the Script (10 years), has already taken some onvinzioni on himself. on the other and the world. Such beliefs can be summarized as follows:

1 - I'm ok-you're ok (I'm going well, and the others and the world around me)

2-I am not ok-you are ok (devaluing position than himself)

3 - I'm ok-you are not ok (devaluation of others)

4 - I'm not ok, you're not ok (the position is: "there is no nothing to do ")

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pathology

When the contents of two ego states is mixed, or one person can not enter or exit an ego state we are talking about structural pathology. There are two types of structural pathology: the contamination exclusion

Contamination: a State invades the ego's boundaries. We distinguish the contamination of the parent (G invades A) of the Child (B invades A), and the double-contamination (the person repeats a slogan that adapts parental belief as a child and both mistakes for reality. The content of contamination is to double in the convictions of the script, that is wrong and distorted beliefs about self, others and the world).

Disclaimer: The person completely rule out an ego state (G, A, or B)

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messages

Everyone costruicse Copycat on the basis of their messages, npon verbal and verbal, received from parents and then from the context. There are the

counterinjunction and injunctions. The
counterinjunction: GG verbal messages, commands about how to do things.

-

be perfect - be strong

- tried

- trying to please

- hurry
injunctions: messages are pre-verbal, given by parents at very young child. Usually counterinjunction hide orders.

-

not exist - do not be yourself

- not a child

- not being able crescerenon

- not (do nothing)

- not important

-

not belong - not to engage in intimacy

- not look good (not to be sane)

-

not think - do not feel

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Copycat model of ego states in transactional analysis

A Member Ego is a collection of thoughts, behaviors and emotions interconnected through which each of us manifests an aspect of their personality in a given momento.Tre are Ego States according to the AT:

1 - Parent ego-state (G): 's set of behaviors, thoughts and emotions that manifest at a given time, copied from our parents. (If, for example. In certain circumstances, I tend to worry about the other showing a protective behavior, as well as my parents were with me as a child, it is said that in such circumstances "are in a Parent ego state).

2 - Adult ego-state (A): together on the behaviors, and emotions peniseri that manifest in relation to what is happening around us in the here and now, using the resources available to such adults.

3 - Child ego state (B): the set of behaviors, thoughts and emotions that we used when we were kids and now re-use by adults. (If, for example. I cry in front of the reproach of my employer for a delay, just like I did as a child in front of the reproaches of my parents, it is said that in those circumstances are in the Child ego state). The model of edll'Io been used to understand aspects of the personality of an individual through the Structural Analysis Structural analysis is the process of analysis of personality in terms of content of ego states. The functional analysis is instead a model that allows us to understand "the process", ie how the work ego states.

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Diagnosis

Diagnosis ATSecondo in Berne, the founder of transactional analysis, there are 4 ways to recognize which ego state the person is at any given time 1 - Diagnosis of Conduct: the currency in which ego state is the person in relation to the behavior observed manifestatoe through words, tone of voice, gestures, facial expressions, attitudes corpo.2-Social Diagnosis: based on the assumption that others often are related to us from an ego state that is complementary to that in which we find ourselves. Then observe the state of the ego from which the other can react to speculate on the ego state in which I am .... and vice versa. For example, if I tend to relate to a person from my Parent ego state, we can assume that the other reports to me from the Child ego state. 3 - Historical Diagnosis: is made by the person on his interview with the parent figures and makes it possible to test our impression of his ego states from a structurally and funzionale.Diagnosi Phenomenology: the person is invited to relive a scene from his past that re-experiencing an ego state in all its intensity.

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Transactions

It has a transaction when there is an exchange of communication (stimulation and response) between two or more persone.si distinguish three types of transactions: 1 - Additional Transactions: the ego state that we are addressing it will react. For example, if I make the other person a question from my adult ego state (what time is it?) And the other answers me by the Adult ego state (they are 2) the transaction is said to complement. If I send a stimulus from the parent ego state (you're late ... woe to you if you do it again!) and the other responds Child ego state (crying), the transaction is also complementary. My incentive is GB (from my Parent to Ambin the other), the answer is BG (from the other person's child to my parents). In this way the communication can continue indefinitely (1 st rule of communication) .2 - cross transactions: the ego state in which the stimulus is not sending the same one that sends the response. For example, if I blame the other from my Parent ego-state (you're late ... woe to you if you do it again!), And the other responds by Adult ego-state (I'm sorry, unfortunately I was unable to arrive before ...), there is a crossed transaction: I sent a stimulus GB (from my direct parent to the child of the other person) and the other crossed the transaction, he said that is a message from his direct my Adult Adult (Transaction AA). When a transaction is cross-communication breaks down and must be restored so that it can HCE one or both of those ego-state change (2 nd communication rules) .3 - additional transactions: two messages are sent at the same time. One is a clear message, the other is a psychological message implied. The ytransazioni further divided into: two additional transaction (AA a social message is superimposed on a psychological message between B and G, or B and B or between G and G) further angular transaction (sending a stimulus at HCE is explicit manifetso AA but my message is from my psychological adult child of the other persona.L 'behavioral outcome in terms of a transaction is determined to further psychological level and not in explicit manifesto.

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the script

" Each of us as a child writes a story of his life ", with a beginning, a plot of an end. This is called the Script: a life plan that is based on a dcisione taken in childhood, reinforced by parents and justified by subsequent events, culminating in a decisive choice. This decision was the best strategy for child survival in a world that felt hostile and threatening. When the adult repeats the decision in the present context, this decision probably will not be functional. It is said then that the person is in terms of how it is experienced Copione.In distinguish three types of scripts:

1 - Copycat winner: the person achieves its stated goal

2 - Copycat loser: the person does not achieves the stated objective

3 - Copycat no winner: the person not at risk, therefore, is neither a winner nor a loser, simply.

The concept of scripts has often been analyzed and discussed by various authors belonging to 'transactional analysis approach, which emphasized specific and different aspects. The first formulation of Berne, which defines the script as "a life plan that is based on a decision taken in childhood, reinforced by parents, justified by subsequent events, culminating in a decisive choice" (Berne, 1972) suffers from a historical and cultural context in which the current positivist emphasizes the relationship of cause and effect for the formulation of a postulate (Novellino 1998 ). This position, characteristic of a first phase of the thought of Berne, was later criticized for deterministic vision inherent in the allocation to an individual role of "product" instead of "producer" of the Script (Cornell, 1988). In the wake of such criticism is possible to classify the position of writers such as Erskine and Steiner. The first, in fact, stressed that the decisions "self-limiting" of the script are taken at any stage of development (Erskine, 1980), inhibiting "the spontaneity and flexibility in solving problems and in relating to others." In my clinical work using for the most part the concept of Script prepared by Gouldings (1978), although I believe essential to integrate this vision with the attention given by Stern to historical and social context in shaping and changing the position of Copione.Ritengo Gouldings much closer to my current social and historical context, specifically to the extent that the authors assign to the person an active role in the process of building the script, rather than support the idea of \u200b\u200b"self-limiting adaptation." The script is in fact defined as the result of choices that the child takes an active, "in response to orders real or imagined." I believe this to mean the recognition of the significance and individual that the person attributes to incoming messages or daydreaming during childhood, emphasizing the role of the individual, together with the context, in the process of perception and information processing. Highlight the active role of the person in the process of building a script that actually affect behavior throughout the whole of life, also gives greater importance to the possibility of change. To understand the intrapsychic processes, I often helpful in working with clients, the matrix model of scripts prepared by Claude Steiner, since it allows me to find messages injunctive, and controingiuntivi program from which the person constructs, through his reading, his life script. In this way, than to speculate that, in the past relationship, the client model from their parents' behavior and beliefs, and decisions which took itself in response to that experience.

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The use of contract in the analytical psychotherapy Transactional

L 'Transactional Analysis is proposed, from a methodological point of view, as a Therapy Contract as regards the conclusion of the contract as a basic prerequisite for embarking on a path of change. Berne (1966) defines the contract as "an explicit bilateral commitment to a definite course of action, emphasizing the role of mutual responsibility that therapist and client will take in pursuing a job in a shared location. He distinguishes the elements that relate to the contents of the agreement, such as the distinction of roles and responsibilities and processes, which refer to the report. According to Brown Woollams and the contract is an agreement between client and therapist that defines goals, stages and conditions of treatment. In clinical work using the contract with the aim of sharing with the client a central purpose to be achieved at the end of therapy, and on the basis of which to develop an action plan to be implemented during the therapeutic process. The concepts to which I refer mainly to the formulation the contract, are those proposed by Steiner (1974). The author points out four main components: - The mutual agreement, under which therapist and client establish the terms of the contract shall be a criterion of validity compared the agreement, as it provides a common ground within which to move to achieve a single objective. - A good remuneration, which states how each of us something of value in the relationship. Usually refers to compensation .- The economic expertise, from both the therapist and the client in relation to their professional skills for the first, and the resources to invest in a work that aims to .- A change for the second objective legal that refers to the definition of the contract in accordance with ethical principles and code deontologico.Nella wording of the contract, to be understood as a process which, although placed in the opening moments of the therapeutic course, is often subject to redefinition or more specific, stable, therefore, with the customer the change that will gain at the end of therapy, in relation to available resources. Specifically, I consider it essential not only cooperation and willingness to change, but also the assessment of the objectives in terms of accessibility. E 'to this fundamental aim to take account of space and time available, especially to' inside of a short course of therapy, by definition the setting that sets the limits of my speech. In this regard, Berne refers to "administrative and professional" as one of the criteria to be considered a valid contract to consider, as it allows the definition of common rules with respect to setting, in a manner more or less structured. The concept of "psychological," however, refers to the additional dimension of the relationship, and stresses the importance of paying attention to the most manipulative and unaware that the client uses to carry out their life script instead of choosing alternative modes of behavior. Gouldings I stress that not all contracts are acceptable, citing among them the "Contracts Parenting ", or where the client expects the change to someone else, as examples of agreements are not acceptable. In working with G. was crucial to recognize how his initial request to focus therapy on the symptom ("I would stop crying exams"), contained a further message with which he invited me to take care of her, from a parental position. Through this awareness, I have worked to redefine an AA contract, thus avoiding to accept a Parenting Contract. "In working with clients, pay attention to the" specification of the contract "in terms of behavior (Holloway and Holloway, 1973), and formulation in terms positive, clear, concrete, observable. The wording in a positive way I can help the client stay focused on what you wish for themselves, rather than the problem, as defined in clear and concrete steps allows me to monitor the intermediate events. The comparison between objective and observable progress initial reinforcement also provides the customer with respect to the motivation for change, building self-confidence and therapeutic work. During the process of drafting the contract I believe is essential to follow a structured in stages and finalized negotiations with my client. The subdivision proposed by Holloway and Holloway (1973) is an important reference point for such work. The authors distinguish five stages in the determination of the contract: The first step is to "clarify the intentions of the two sides, with the aim of exploring the guidelines of both. They are then identified the "mutual interests" to distinguish the change request from a customer's expectation of no change related to the underlying script. During the "specification of the contract," working to define what and how they change. Finally, in the early stages of "exploration," "clarification" and "statement" is made cambiamento.Mi is useful to distinguish between the Agreement and the Social Control Autonomy Agreement (Holloway and Holloway, 1973). The first is usually used during an initial phase of therapy, the second hand, refers to 'exit from the script.

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What is Transactional Analysis



TA (TA) is a theory of personality and a systematic psychotherapy.
How personality theory provides a framework on the structuring of the individual from a psychological point of view through the model of ego states. As a system of psychotherapy
TA is used in the treatment of psychological disorders of all kinds, as a method of individual psychotherapy, couple, group and family
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"Transactional Analysis, founded by Eric Berne (1910-1970), is a social psychological theory and characterized by a bilateral contract growth and change ". It deals with intrapsychic processes and interpersonal skills. The study of intrapsychic processes refers to a theory of personality based on the concepts of "ego states" and "Copycat." In the study of interpersonal processes Transactional Analysis offers' The AT itself and the analysis of "games" in order to identify ways of relating that individuals put in place between them and suggests some rules that affect communication. The intervention methodology of 'AT is based on the contract: the therapeutic relationship is seen as an agreement between therapist and client, which have a joint responsibility to work to achieve the goals of therapy clearly defined and specific.

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Presentation Blog

This blog is aimed at the dissemination of the basic concepts of transactional analysis and its applications in psychotherapy.
I use the AT in my practice as a psychotherapist for the treatment of anxiety disorders and panic, depression, personality disorders and relationship.

The effectiveness of TA in the clinical setting in my view is primarily attributed to the underlying assumptions of the theory of reference that rinonoscono to each individual the ability to think and decide about their lives. "

Based on these assumptions the AT is characterized by a methodological point of view from a contractual approach , providing for active and responsible participation by the patient, your change process.

the therapist's role is that of co-responsibility with the patient, both with respect to the definition of concrete objectives and specific that it intends to achieve at the end of therapy and in the direction of change.

The therapist provides its tools and experience, using them to move towards a shared goal with the patient, rather than individually determined.

In this way the patient will be able to trust their therapist in an informed and aware, rather than relying.

The simplicity of language and the key concepts of the Old Testament also allow the possibility of sharing with the patient cases, diagnosis and methods of intervention that the therapist uses the therapeutic process.